Whether we realize it or not, we use spatial analysis in our everyday lives — from weather forecasts to GPS driving instructions. Geographic information science (GIScience) uses spatial analysis to study physical, environmental, social and economic events. It applies geospatial information and technology such as geographic information systems (GIS), remote sensing, geography, mathematics, surveying and programming. Geographic information science also intersects with computer science, engineering, economy and statistics.
Because these disciplines intersect, analyzing and processing geographic information becomes crucial. Scientists use spatial analysis to uncover patterns in geographic, geometric and topological properties. Spatial analysis solves complex location-oriented issues by finding trends and patterns. It can assist in decision-making by analyzing various layers of information to understand and quantify patterns, make predictions, determine relationships and find the best path forward.
The online Master of Science (M.S.) in Geographic Information Science program from Northwest Missouri State University prepares graduates to pursue a career in this high-demand field. Graduates can excel in professional roles such as climate scientist, conservationist, cartography technician, app developer, GIS manager, marine survey analyst, precision agriculture researcher and more.
How Businesses and Organizations Use Spatial Data
Geospatial data analysis includes assembling, presenting and processing geographic data, such as satellite imagery, population data, socio-economic data, GPS information, historical information, addresses and zip codes. GIS professionals use this targeted data analysis and modern technologies to create geographical models that include data visualizations, revealing shifts, changes, trends and predictive insights that help analysts forecast future variations.
Geospatial data helps with environmental conservation, economic development, climate science, political mapping and health geography. It is also beneficial for U.S. intelligence agencies and NASA. Businesses and organizations can see potential problems or opportunities and act accordingly with a layered map that incorporates geospatial data.
Consider the following use-case example of how geospatial data analysis can assist specific industries and inform solutions: Large retail businesses and grocery stores are often in the process of seeking out and opening new locations. Retain companies can use geo-based data sets on populations and targeted demographics to determine which store locations will be best for business. GIS can also gather and process information regarding competitors and their target audience and customer base. This information helps retail companies launch geo-targeted marketing campaigns to prioritize increasing the exposure and engagement of specific demographics, income and population levels.
How Can Geographic Information Science Support Other Organizational Functions and Industries?
GIScience applications inform far more than new market research and launches. For instance, geospatial tools help grocery stores track supply chain products — like fruits and vegetables — on their delivery status. If something goes wrong, employees can track the route and pinpoint problem areas to troubleshoot and improve consistency with future deliveries.
The following are further examples of how the science and related technologies can support various fields:
- Public health. The public health field addresses problems regarding the prevention and spread of disease within specific communities. GIS monitor and track the health trends of a specific community to map disease transmission and identify high-risk areas. When cities have geospatial data regarding population density and geographical patterns, epidemiologists and public health authorities can warn about potential virus outbreaks. This information helps residents take precautions in areas of heightened risk. It can also help local stores stock up on medications and vaccines so their supply meets population demand.
- Agriculture and environmental science. Spatial data can show information about elevation, soil type, river structures, annual rainfall, temperature fluctuations, dry season details and more. Such information provides insight into the relationship between the environment and human influence. GIS aid in determining how to best use the land, preserve plant species and maintain ecosystems. For example, GIS could inform experts how building a dam would impact the area by combining the spatial data and creating simulations of the natural environment.
Graduates of programs like Northwest’s online M.S. in Geographic Information Science use technology to gather GIS data and understand how geo-statistics work in business and research. A degree of this versatility will serve graduates well in nearly any technology-, math- or science-related career.
Learn more about Northwest’s online Master of Science in Geographic Information Science program.
